Tracking CO2, Crossing the line and other stories by Mathias Lanoisellé

Pic 1: The Picarro instrument in the Main Lab.

Another episode in the GEOmon South Atlantic adventure. This time the narrative is taken up by Mathias Lanoisellé:

Following installation of a Picarro CO₂ and CH₄ monitoring instrument in Ascension Island in June of this year, the next step in RHUL’s South Atlantic project was to install another one on the Falkland Islands. As the easiest way to send the instrument and the 6 gas cylinders there is by boat, Euan Nisbet approched the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who operates the RRS (Royal Research Ship) “James Clark Ross”, to see if it was possible to install the system on board to make measurements during the cruise. After long negotiations, we got the green light. So Dave Lowry, Rebecca Fisher and myself followed our van load of equipment to Immingham (Lincolnshire) on the 16^th-17^th September to make the installation.

Pic 1 , 2a and 2b.

Pic 2a: The cylinders are being hauled on the Forecastle Deck (photo: Dave Lowry)

Pic 2b: The 6 gas cylinders are ready.

I returned to Immingham on Monday 27^th September to board the ship, 10 days after the original planned date for the sailing. I first made sure that the pressure hadn’t dropped on the cylinder regulators, and started the calibration. We set sail on the morning of the next day. Pic 3.

Pic 3: The JCR entering the Immingham tide lock to access the Humber estuary and the North Sea.

Two days later we arrived in Falmouth (Cornwall) to drop off a team from the National Oceanographic Centre (University of Southampton) who had been testing one of their instruments, and to complete repair on the ship’s gantry. I remained the only scientist on board. Pic 4

We finally left on the evening of Saturday 2^nd October, during a gale force 8.

Pic 4: The JCR alongside the quay in Falmouth.

The crossing of the Bay of Biscay was quite hard for my stomach. Then the sea calmed down and the thermometer rose and we could install the barbecue on the rear deck and enjoy  being outside at nightfall.

Pic 5: Barbecue on the rear upper deck of the JCR.

Pic 5 and 6.

Pic 6: The Moon and Venus at nightfall.

From Falmouth, we headed straight to Madeira (that we reached on the 6^th October), then the Canary Islands (7^th Oct), the Cape Verde Islands (9^th-10^th Oct), and, before we reached the Brazilian coast, we crossed the Equator (13^th October). Pic 7

Pict 7: Fogo (Cape Verde Islands), in the morning of the 10th October.

The Crossing of the Line ceremony is organized like a trial in which those who haven’t crossed the Equator before (or who have no proof of it) are charged with many crimes, judged and ultimately  punished with a bucket of kitchen slops over their heads. Pic 8

Pic 8: Mathias's charges.

I was found guilty as charged. Pic 9

Pic 9: After the slops, Mathias receives a baked beans shampoo. (photo: Richard Turner)

But I wasn’t the only one. The Doc, unfortunately for her, was the last one to be tried and received a big surprise…

Pic 10: The Doc surprise. (photo: Richard Turner)

Pic 10

My work on board is quite simple: make sure that the data acquisition is all right, that calibrations are carried out automatically at the correct time intervals and to process the data. Additional tasks include changing the chemical dryer (a mixture of magnesium perchlorate and drierite) when necessary (every 10-15 days), and twice daily collect an air sample in a 3L or 5L tedlar bag to be analysed back at Royal Holloway to measure CH₄ mixing ratios and δ¹³C.

Pic 12: Mathias taking an air sample from the Navigation Bridge. (photo: Mike Gloistein)

Pic 12

We should arrive in Stanley, the capital town of the Falkland Islands, in the afternoon or the evening of the 24^th October. Hopefully I will find Dave Lowry there, who should arrive the day before. Then we will have 5 days to move the instrument from the ship to a hut a few kilometres south-west of Stanley, install it and the airline and set up communications, and then go through all the calibration routines again. Should be some spare time to visit the island and the penguins, but when do these things ever go to plan?

The James Clark Ross webcam http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/images/webcams/rrjcr/index.php

To keep up-to-date with the goings-on the James Clark Ross ship check out the radio officer’s blog http://www.gm0hcq.com/jcr_update.htm

Greenhouse Gas Monitoring from Ascension Island by Dave Lowry

 

Fig. 1 Scoria cones surround the runway

 

During the course of the GEOmon project, a new deliverable was introduced to install air sampling and monitoring equipment on Ascension Island with an aim to monitor CO₂ and methane.

Dave Lowry and Rebecca Wilson bravely accepted the onorous task of installing the equipment and reported back to us on the rigours of their trip. Thank you to Dave for the engaging report and the wonderful photos!

We left RAF Brize Norton late on June 16 on the scheduled Air Seychelles flight to the Falkland Islands via Ascension. Eight hours later we approached the aptly named Wideawake airfield for touchdown between the imposing deep red-brown scoria cones (Fig. 1), and were whisked off to the Obsidian Hotel (the only hotel) in the administrative centre and island port Georgetown. One of the distinctive fleet of white Fiestas allowed us to travel around the island and get back to our main workplace for the week, the Met Office building at the airport. Waiting patiently for our arrival were numerous boxes of equipment sent 3 weeks prior, but not our vital calibration gases.

Within 3 hours the main equipment was set up and operational in the air conditioned server room, measuring carbon dioxide and methane concentrations. Our Met Office host, Vicky Huntly, got to work persuading the services guys to help us set up the air inlet. The following day we had two holes drilled through the wall and our air line outside and sampling the South Atlantic breeze, but it would take a further 4-days of waiting before we could get our airline attached to a mast above the buiding. With our calibration cylinders having been pushed off two flights by more important military cargo, we had the weekend to fret over their arrival on the Monday morning flight and the last chance to complete the installation before we left. 

 

Fig. 2 Lush plantations cover the summit ridge of Green Mountain

 

Still, no point worrying about it when there was a whole 100 square kilometres of island to explore and many air samples to be collected to prove that our new site at the airhead was as representative of South Atlantic air as anywhere else on the island. Ascension has some of the most constant winds in the world, the SE trades. It is largely barren scoria and lava desert around the edges, but lush Green Mountain in the centre (Fig. 2) spends half of the time in clouds and provides an amazing contrast, the top of the peak having no view due to dense plantations of bamboo, bananas and ginger, and on the lower slopes, frequent sightings of the native orange or purple land crabs (Fig. 3).  The island was the site of a NASA tracking station for the Apollo missions, and is currently the site of an ESA tracking station for Ariane. Air was collected at both of these sites (Fig. 4), as possible future alternatives to the airhead.

 

Fig. 3 Orange land crab on the defensive

 

The coast of Ascension is a hive of activity, although not of the human variety.

 

Fig. 4 Rebecca collecting air at the edge of the old NASA tracking site

 

Pale sandy beaches nestle between rugged black basalt lava flows (Fig. 5),

 

Fig. 5 Typical NE coast of Ascension

 

Ascension frigate birds (Fig. 6) fly in squadron back to their only nesting site on the guano-capped Boatswain Bird Island (Fig. 7), spotted crabs fight for supremacy of the rock pools (Fig. 8), and the carnivorous Black Trigger Fish patrol the shallow aquamarine pools (Fig. 9).

 

Fig. 6 Ascension frigate birds

 

 

Fig. 7 Boatswain Bird Island, home of the frigates

 

 

Fig. 8 Spotted sea crab

 

 

Fig. 9 Blackfish await meal

 

The icon of Ascension Island and the focus of most conservation effort are the Green Turtles, the deep nests of which cover most of the sandy beaches on the island (Fig. 10). June is the end of the hatching season. An evening torchlit stroll saw a few struggling toward the surf, a morning stroll outlined how many didn’t make it and one who needed some significant help to the water, to avoid becoming a dried-up husk in the midday sun (Figs. 11-13).

 

Fig. 11 Hatchling heading for the sea under cover of darkness

 

 

Fig. 10 Turtle nests at English Bay

 

 

Fig. 13 Turtle eggs uncovered on Long Beach, Georgetown

 

 

Fig. 12 This little mite was still breathing but exhausted and needed help to the surf

 

Such a barren, rugged and dry place this used to be, our sampling forays took in the delights of the Devil’s Ashpit, the Devil’s Cauldron and the Devil’s Riding School (Fig. 14),

 

Fig. 14 Devil’s Riding School crater, filled with dark and light ash layers, some reworked by water

 

first described by Darwin on route home from South America, an ash-filled and lake-sedimented crater, with it’s distinctive layer of Devil’s Eyeballs (Fig. 15).

 

Fig. 15 The water-deposited layer with Devil’s Eyeballs.

 

Monday morning came around all too quickly and with everything crossed we headed back to the Met Office to await news of the incoming flight. Call came through at 9:45 and 15 minutes later a forklift rolled up to the door with 2 crates of cylinders. Devoid of appropriate equipment a geological hammer and chisel opened the crates beautifully. Two hours of plumbing later the first calibration gases flowed out of the cylinders and into the instrument. A revised plan was hatched to put a temporary air inlet on a mast above the Met Office building and on our final afternoon this was put in place and monitoring of greenhouse gases on Ascension started in earnest (Fig. 16), a big relief having spent the last year with help from UEA developing the auto inlet and software and calibrating the instrument.

 

Fig. 16 Screenshot of the first morning of methane data

 

We were visited by the Ascension Island administrator, Ross Denny (Fig. 17), who is keen that the installation is publicised in the local Islander newspaper.

 

Fig. 17 – Dave, Rebecca and Ross Denny admire the new equipment

 

The Met Office have promised to send the data files produced on a daily basis and the first results look very interesting. Despite the financial requests of the Cable and Wireless monopoly, remote data transmission and login is likely to follow.

Next up for installation is the Falkland Islands, hopefully in October this year.

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Copenhagen 2009: Bargaining for a Better World – Christiane

Going...

A personal view from Copenhagen

The high level segment has started today, which means a lot of security and a lot of cameras and long queues outside the centre (some have waited for 10 hours). Access to the conference is now limited for the NGOs.

In the side events on science there is consensus that the climate is changing. Although we do not exactly know how the future climate will be, we know that it is warming and will continue to warm to potentially dangerous levels. There are potential tipping points ahead of us: We are flying blind into a wall, as a speaker phrased it. So there is no doubt: action is urgently needed and the number of people who doubt this fact is insignificant here I guess. The translation of complex science into policy is then called the 2-degree-target (not “limit” by the way).

In the side events on mitigation targets that are needed to stay well below 2 degree of warming it is clearly shown that the current pledges of the industrialized countries are not sufficient.

going...

In the side events on transition pathways to a low-carbon-society, renewable energy and technological potential the good news is that there is a bright green future (although most say that one might have to accept carbon capture and storage and/or nuclear power). The technology is available or will most probably be in the future

In the side events on the cost of climate change mitigation the economists show that the costs would not exceed some tiny percent of the GDP, which means a delay in economical growth of only some months (which is important, if you like the idea of growing ever more).
So here is the logic: climate change can be dangerous, if we do not act now, it is feasible and we can afford it. Let’s be reasonable and “seal the deal”.

But then in the negotiation here at COP this does not seem to be known. Is this the science-policy gap? Or is it the science-general public gap? Do these people not have a conscience? How about the ethics of such behavior and the responsibility of these delegates?

gone.

As I am now closely watching the politicians act, I understand a little bit better why they do not act according to the logic laid out above: they are all under a constraint, they all represent the meaning of their government. Many of them really care (some do not). They work long days since months, the sessions last late into the night. They talk in the plenum, in contact groups, informally and bilateral, and then are consulted by the heads of state. They discuss the framework of the decision, the complex details and the shared vision. So it should work? Now again, I do not understand, because so far, the countries follow their own agendas, there is not much movement. Maybe all the Excellencies present now will make the deal, but I am not sure if it will be a/the real deal. I hope. It could be!

(Thank you to Belalonbg Jantan, chrissy575 and flikkerphotos from Flikr for their wonderful photos)

Talking up a (climate) storm – Mary Minnock

Hurricane Bill - NASA

This week and next, intense and furious talks will take place in Copenhagen in an attempt to find a solution to the climate crisis the world is facing. To paraphrase someone from over 60 years ago “Never in the history of mankind has the welfare of so many been in the hands of so few.” And yet by all accounts the probablility of achieving a workable solution in time is very low.

Why is this when a possible solution exists and the consequences of not applying that solution are so devastatingly serious? To most people involved in the science of climate change the writing is on the wall in six foot high letters. It is essential that we in the scientific community ask ourselves why this message that seem so clear to us does not seem to be passing into the consciousness of the mainstream.

At a recent round-table discussion at the LSCE in preparation for the Copenhagen Summit Jean Jouzel presented these two tables and introduced them as the two most essential pages from the IPCC report that synopsise the problem we are facing.

The 6 IPCC Stablisation Scenarios

IPCC Scenario Categories

Indeed, to the initiated these tables do make scary reading. However to the vast majority whose self-interests lie in not understanding them, it is all too easy to obscure their meaning.

I would like to make three points about these tables and the difficulties involved in the transfer of their meaning across the human synapses into the brain.

Firstly, they refer to average global warming between 2° to 6.1°. To most people who experience twice or three times this range of temperatures during an average day how communicative is this?

Secondly, the range within each scenario is quite precise and small. For most people the defining characteristic of climate is its variability so that they have a hard time understanding the relative constancy of the average global temperature and why any, even tiny, change is cause for concern.

Finally, in the IPCC tables the ranges of emissions corresponding to the various temperature scenarios can make people feel that there is a choice. (I’ll take the 25%  reduction in CO₂ emissions, thank you very much!)

Perhaps this is the simplistic view of a newcomer but I can’t help but feel that there must be a better way to communicate the problem.

Another Winston Churchill quotation seems to me to be particularly apt in this context. “The reserve of modern assertions is sometimes pushed to extremes, in which the fear of being contradicted leads the writer to strip himself of almost all sense and meaning.”

Some like it Hot! (Philippe Ciais)

Mosquitos on the rise with climate change.

geomon blog, not geomon bug
a new concept, maybe not inept
For scientists, Mary made it
one must admit, they could use it,
geomon blog, not geomon bug

[thanks to mr.beaver on flikr for the photo]

GEOmon People: Zoë Fleming

Part of the reason for the GEOmon blog is to get to know the people who work on the project. Our first profile is of Zoë Fleming who works in Activity 2. She is also chairing the GEOmon Gender Committee this year, helping to ensure that the conditions are in place to allow women to develop their careers in science.

Zoe up a tower at the Weybourne atmospheric observatory

I have been working on the trace gas project of GEOMON for just over 2 years and have enjoyed the international and interdisciplinary nature of being a part of this community. I grew up in Brussels and then moved to Edinburgh to study Environmental Chemistry.

My first research experience was at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, looking at atmosphere-ocean interactions, which included laboratory work and field work in the Baltic Sea and the Arctic Ocean. I then did a PhD in Leicester, England, measuring the radicals that are involved in tropospheric ozone formation. I have since worked on field work in Antarctica with Imperial College and the British Antarctic Survey, for Greenpeace International’s research unit and researching the communication of climate change and sustainable development issues at De Montfort university.

A plot of the monthly footprint of the air arriving at Weybourne using the Met office's NAME dispersion model.

I am now working for the UK National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), based at Leicester University on determining trends in atmospheric trace gases at measurement stations around Europe and in the Atlantic ocean. Part of my work involves the GEOMON harmonisation and comparison of European trace gas datasets and detecting trends in ozone across Europe.

Zoe measuring Persistant Organic Pollutants in the Arctic Ocean

At present I am only doing data analysis and no longer do field work or take measurements myself but studying the meteorology and characteristics of the measurement stations does bring the data to life and make me content in being an environmental scientist. Knowing that our research contributes to future air quality and carbon reduction policies makes me feel like I am doing my bit to understand and protect our environment.

Stop breathing please – We’re trying to make a measurement! (Peter Rayner)

In a project funded by the French National Research Agency we are trying to estimate the CO2 emissions from Paris by measuring the atmospheric concentration in and around the city. Our first site is the top of the Eiffel Tower. It’s a nice choice for a measurement site, high and central enough to see air from across the city and the local air quality association AIRPARIF already have a measurement station there.

There’s just one problem: in a few days of test data we collected in June there is this spike around 9am each morning. It’s not traffic; that starts much earlier. It’s almost certainly the arrival of the first tourists at the top viewing platform. Now when we said we wanted to measure the human impact on the atmosphere this is not quite what we meant.

Resorting to the back of the nearest envelope, I think humans respire about 75kg of carbon each year. Even in a city with the unusual population density of Paris that should be dwarfed by emissions from vehicles. We were careful not to make the measurement too close to any car exhaust but we hadn’t thought enough about breathless tower-climbers.

AIRPARIF hadn’t noticed this either since they usually only measure things that humans don’t produce. The solution: Hopefully we can just move the air intake.

[thanks to Ulysses Greene from Flickr for the photo]

Atmospheric Aerosols: View from above (François-Marie Bréon)

We have finally completed our evaluation of various aerosol products derived from satellite observation. The figure above shows one of the many that we have produced in the course of this work. It is a comparison of the various satellite products against sunphotometer measurements considered as the truth. It clearly shows that all instruments or algorithms are not born equal for providing an accurate picture of the aerosol load in the atmosphere. The official products from the Parasol and MODIS missions clearly provide the best results. Whether the quality is sufficient may depend on the application. The quality is certainly sufficient to provide a fair spatial and temporal distribution of the atmospheric load. Similar statistical indicators from model are certainly not as good, which demonstrates that the satellite data can still be used to improve or constrain the models.

On the other hand, I was talking yesterday with a colleague who argued that the quality of the products is still very much insufficient to constrain the aerosol impact on the Earth radiation budget to less than a few tenths of a Watt per square meter. For such objectives, new spaceborne instruments are needed and my colleague was arguing for the forthcoming Glory mission to be launched next year (after many delays). I am not fully convinced that Glory will do very much better than current instruments, but it will certainly improve the characterization of atmospheric aerosols, despite its very limited swath (and therefore coverage).

Working with secondary schools – (Marc Jamous)

Example of greenhouse realised in a French secondary school. You can see a CO2 sensor and a thermometer

It is possible to work with secondary schools about GEOmon topics.

In this link (in French), you can find results of five French schools that realised pedagogical projects with a GEOmon partner during the scholar year 2007-2008.

They worked about carbon sinks, by estimating the evolution of them for the next century, they realised construction to understand effect of albedo on global temperature and so on.

If you have any ideas for experiments or activities on GEOmon data that can be realised with pupils aged between 12 and 18, do not hesitate, send them to Marc Jamous!

These works were realised with the help of “La Région Île de France”, an administrative area around Paris.